IC>YWa-! 


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VOL.  V.  AUGUST.  1915  NUMBER  8 


Mendelism  and  Sheep  Breeding 

By  DR.  J.  A.  DETLEFSEN,  College  of  Agriculture,  University  of  Illinois 


NATIONAL  WOOL  GROWER 


IN  the  very  earliest  days  of  animal 
breeding,  there  was  only  one 
thought  uppermost,  in  the  breeder’s 
mind:  to  increase  the  numbers  in  his 
herd  or  flock.  In  the  due  course  of 
time,  however,  it  became  apparent  to 
the  observing  breeder  that  it  was  not 
wise  or  provident  to  breed  only  for 
numbers.  Newer  types  and  better 
adapted  animals  were  desired.  The 
progressive  breeder  always  kept  his 
mind  open  and  alert  to  learn  any  new 
devices  by  which  he  could  accomplish 
this  end.  Such  methods  or  systems 
of  breeding  as  line  breeding,  inbreed¬ 
ing,  grading,  and  above  all,  rigid  se¬ 
lection,  were  devised  and  practiced  to 
meet  particular  or  special  ends.  They 
were,  and  still  are,  the  time-honored 
methods  in  the  art  of  breeding.  New 
methods  and  new  systems  will  arise  in 
the  future,  just  as  they  did  in  the  past, 
and  they  will  likewise  be  accepted  or 
rejected  by  the  breeder  according  to 
their  merits. 

We  have  frequently  heard  of  Men¬ 
del’s  Law  of  Heredity  in  the  last  few 
years,  and  it  is  only  natural  that  breed¬ 
ers  should  inquire  as  to  its  essence  and 
application  to  their  problems.  As  is 
generally  true  with  all  new  ideas,  much 
confusion  and  wild  speculation  has 
been  attached  to  this  subject.  At  the 
outset,  it  may  be  well  to  state  that 
Mendel’s  Law  is,  in  no  sense,  a  sys¬ 
tem  of  breeding,  but  rather  a  scientific 
explanation  of  the  transmission  of 
characters  from  parents  to  offspring  in 
any  system  of  breeding.  One  of  the 
most  essential  attributes  to  clear  think¬ 
ing  on  the  subject  of  breeding  is  to  dis¬ 
tinguish  carefully  between  a  system  of 
breeding  and  an  explanation  for  the 
results  of  any  given  system.  From 
time  immemorial,  we  have  been  re¬ 
galed  with  one  explanation  after  the 
other;  and  it  is  perfectly  safe  to  say 


that  most  of  them,  when  critically  ana¬ 
lyzed,  were  found  to  be  of  little  or  no 
value.  The  primary  prerequisite  of 
any  explanation  for  results  seen  in 
breeding  is  that  it  shall  show  how, 
when,  and  why  characters  are  trans¬ 
mitted  from  parents  to  offspring.  The 
most  recent  and  withal  the  most  suc¬ 
cessful  theory  to  account  for  the  trans¬ 
mission  of  parental  characters  ijs  Men¬ 
del’s  Law  of  Heredity.  Whenever 
new  discoveries,  such  as  Mendel’s  dis¬ 
covery,  are  made,  the  breeder  inquires 
quite  legitimately  “Has  it  any  imme¬ 
diate  bearing  on  my  plans  and  prob¬ 
lems  in  breeding  on  the  farm  or 
range?”  Erroneous  impressions  are 
like  weeds,  easily  produced  and  widely 
spread.  This  is  particularly  triie  when 
scientific  abstractions  are  involved  as 
is  the  case  with  Mendel’s  Law?  It  is 
not  at  all  uncommon  to  find  extrava¬ 
gant  promises  rashly  made  that  Men¬ 
delism  will  solve  all  of  our  breeding 
problems.  In  fact,  much  discredit  has 
been  already  attached  to  Miendel's 
Law  by  those  who  confuse  it  with 
systems  of  breeding,  and  attempt  to 
use  it  without  sufficient  knowledge  of 
the  many  scientific  complexities  and 
ramifications  involved.  There  are,  to 
be  sure,  many  dangers  of  misleading 
the  sheep  breeder  when  one  attempts 
to  explain  Mendelism  in  simple  terms, 
primarily  because  the  operation  of 
Mendel’s  Law  is  based  upon  biological 
and  mathematical  facts  more  complex 
than  simple  terms  will  explain.  I  am 
therefore  well  aware  that  I  am  in  dan¬ 
ger  of  confusing  the  breeder  and  lay¬ 
ing  myself  open  to  criticism,  when  I 
try  to  point  out  any  relationship  be¬ 
tween  Mendelism  and  some  sheep¬ 
breeding  problems,  for,  I  must  keep 
my  thesis  iri  simple  terms  and  avoid 
the  technicalities  of  the  classroom. 
With  these  precautions  in  mind,  let  us 


inquire  what  bearing  Mendel’s  Law 
has  to  sheep  breeding. 

Gregor  Mjendel,  the  Augustinian 
monk,  prelate  of  the  monastary  at 
Birunn,  Austria,  worked  on  the  prob¬ 
lem  of  hybridization  using  chiefly  the 
edible  or  garden-pea.  About  1865,  he 
published  two  brief  papers  in  the 
journal  of  the  local  scientific  society 
stating  the  results  of  eight  years’  work. 
His  work  was  not  well  received,  in 
fact  was  neglected  and  all  but  forgot¬ 
ten.  The  facts  of  the  case  are  that 
Mendel  was  years  ahead  of  his  time 
and  not  until  years  after  his  death  did 
the  truth  dawn  upon  the  scientific 
world  at  large.  In  1900  his  work  was 
rediscovered  and  corroborated.  Men¬ 
del  showed  that  an  individual  plant  or 
animal  is  a  sum  total  oF  separate  in¬ 
dependent  characters,  some  large,  oth¬ 
ers  small,  some  quite  apparent  and 
others  quite  hidden.  When  these  char¬ 
acters  are  transmitted  they  are  trans¬ 
mitted  as  units  or  as  a  whole,  and  they 
may  be  recombined  with  one  another 
in  such  ratios  as  we  expect  accord¬ 
ing  to  certain  mathematical  expecta¬ 
tions. 

To  be  concrete,  let  us  illustrate  how 
Mendel’s  Law  works  by  crossing  a 
pure  white  guinea-pig  male  with  a 
pure  black  female  such  as  is  shown 
in  figs.  1  and  2.  Here  we  are  dealing 
with  a  simple  pair  of  characters,  and 
if  we  follow  this  simple  pair  without 
regard  to  any  other  differences  what¬ 
soever,  we  shall  find  that  all  crossbred 
children  will  be  black,  as  shown  in  fig. 
3.  We  say  then  that  blackness  in 
guinea-pigs  is  dominant  to  whiteness, 
and  we  call  the  white  or  albino 
variety  recessive  because  it  recedes 
^from  our  view  in  the  crossbreds.  Now 
although  all  these  crossbred  children 
are  black  in  appearance,  they  obtained 
black  from  only  one  parent,  while  they 


10 


•  THE  NATIONAL  WOOL  GROWER 


August,  1915. 


obtained  the  hidden  or  recessive  white 
condition  from  the  other.  In  other  ■ 
words,  they  are  dual  in  nature,  hav¬ 
ing  obtained  the  visible  black  from  one 
parent  and  the  hidden  w'hite  from  the 
other.  We  can  easily  prove  this  by 
mating  black  crossbred  children  to¬ 
gether  to  produce  grandchildren,  and 
we  find  that  the  crossbreds  do  not 
breed  true  but  give  among  the  grand¬ 
children  blacks  and  whites  again.  Fur¬ 
thermore,  these  black  grandchildren 
occur  three  times  as  frequently  as  the 
white  ones  in  the  long  run.  Mendel 
made  clear  to  us  why  this  result  takes 
place.  The  white  grandsire  produces 
sperm  all  of  which  carry  something 
(we  shall  not  state  what)  to  produce 
whiteness,  while  the  pure  black  grand- 
dam  produces  eggs  carrying  a  sub¬ 
stance  giving  the  black  color.  Any  of 
his  sperm  might  fertilize  any  of  her 
eggs,  but  the  crossbred  children  so 
produced  carry  both  the  blackness  and 
whiteness,  although  they  are  black  in 
appearance  because  the  black  color 
covers  over  the  white  or  is  dominant 
to  it.  These  crossbred  children  are, 
_oLc£u i ]--<■  lw.tli  males  and  females  and. 
as  we  said,  dual  in  nature.  Being  dual 
in  nature,  the  males  now  produce 
sperm  half  of  which  carry  black  and. 
half  of  which  carry  white ;  and  the  fe¬ 
males  produce  eggs  in  similar  manner. 
In  other  words,  black  and  white  sepa¬ 
rate  from  each  other  when  the  germ 
cells  are  formed,  so  that  a  germ  cell 
contains  either  one  or  the  other  of  this 
pair  of  characters  but  never  both. 
Such  being  the  case,  we  can  now  see 
why  Ave  obtain  among  the  grandchil¬ 
dren  a  ratio  of  3  black  to  1  white  in 
the  long  run.  It  is  simply  because 
when  the  crossbred  children  are  mat¬ 
ed  together  the  combination  of  germ 
cells  which  come  together  in  fertiliza¬ 
tion  to  produce  the  grandchildren  can 
only  be  as  follows : 

1.  Sperm  carrying  black  can  ferti¬ 
lize  eggs  carrying  black  and  give  pure 
black  young. 

2.  Sperm  carrying  black  can  ferti¬ 
lize  eggs  carrying  white  and  give 
crossbred  black  young  because  black, 
is  dominant. 

3.  Sperm  carrying  white  can  ferti¬ 


lize  fggs  carrying  black  and  give 
crossbred  black  young  because  black 
is  dominant. 

4.  ISperm  carrying  white  can  ferti¬ 
lize  eggs  carrying  white  and  give  pure 
whites*  young,  no  black  being  ipresent. 
We  see  that  there  are  three  times  as 
many,  combinations  giving  black  as 
white,  hence  our  ratio.  Furthermore, 
it  will,  be  noted  that  in  the  fitst  com¬ 
bination  the  black  is  derived  frqm  both 
parents,  but  in  the  second  and  third 
combinations  black  is  derived  from 
one  parents  and  white  from  the  other. 
Thus  it  happens  that  one-third  of  the 
black  grandchildren  are  pure  for  black 
and  breed  true,  while  two-thirds  are 
crossbred  for  black  and  breed  as  the 
crossbred  children  did.  Extensive 
breeding  experiments  have  prdven  this 
completely,  for  we  could  never  tell 
from  external  appearance  whether  the 
grandchildren  are  pure  for  black  or 
not,  since  black  is  dominant. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  white  male 
in  fig.  1  has  a  rough  coat  with  swdrls, 
but  the  dam  in  fig.  2  has  a <.  smooth 
coat.  ^  If  we  follow  roughness  and 
smoothness  in  a  cross  just  as  we  did 
black  ajnd  white,  we  find  that  the  cross¬ 
bred  children  are  rough-coated  as  is 
shown  in  fig  3,  because  roughness  is 
dominant  to  smoothness.  ^Breeding 
the  crossbred  children  together  will 
give  three  times  as  many  rough  grand¬ 
children  as  smooth  ones  in  the  long 
run.  The  reason  is  obviously  the 
same  ajs  that  given  for  the  black-white 
cross.  [ 

The  case  becomes  more  complex  if 
we  attempt  to  follow  black,  white, 
roughness,  and  smoothness  simultane¬ 
ously  in  a  cross.  If  we  cross  a  pure 
white,  rough  male  (fig.  1)  to  a  pure 
black,  smooth  female  (fig.  2),  the  rough 
character  and  black  character  are  dom¬ 
inant  as  we  might  expect  from  the  pre¬ 
vious  illustrations,  and  so  the  cross¬ 
breds  ire  black,  rough  individuals  (fig. 
3).  If  we  now  breed  the  crossbred 
children  together,  we  shall  obtain  in 
the  long  run  the  following  classes : 

9  Black  Rough  (fig.  4). 

3  Black  Smooth  (fijg.  5) 

3,  White  Rough  (fig.  6) 

1  White  Smooth  (fig.  7 1 


This  “splitting  up”  or  segregation 
and  recombination  of  characters  in  the 
hybrids  is  the  essence  of  Mendelism. 
It  will  be  noted  that  we  began  with  a 
rough,  white  male  and  a  smooth,  black 
female,  and  now  we  have  in  the  grand¬ 
children  two  new  combinations,  black- 
rough  and  white-smooth.  In  general, 
we  may  say  that  the  greater  the  num¬ 
ber  of  differences  in  the  parents,  the 
greater  the  variability  in  the  progeny. 
Let  us  suppose,  for  the  sake  of  illustra¬ 
tion  alone,  that  the  breeder  wished 
such  a  combination  of  characters  as 
the  black-rough  combination.  How 
would  he  get  it  to  breed  true?  We 
saw  that  when  the  crossbred  black, 
rough  children  were  bred  together,  they 
gave  new  forms  or  variations.  We 
should  also  find  that,  among  the  grand¬ 
children,  not  all  black-rough  indivi¬ 
duals  are  equally  pure  in  breeding. 
Some  would  be  pure  for  either  black¬ 
ness  or  roughness,  but  very  few  for 
both.  We  could  find  by  experimental 
breeding  which  individuals  are  pure 
for  both  blackness  and  roughness  and 
thus  start  a  pure  breeding  race  of 
black-rough  giMtvea-pigs  immediatellfc 

There  is  another  method  by  which  we 
could  get  a  pure  black-rough-coated 
race.  We  could  mate  individuals  of 
the  desired  type  together  and  keep  eli¬ 
minating  the  culls,  as  well  as  those  in¬ 
dividuals  which  produce  the  largest 
number  of  culls.  Eventually  we  should 
establish  a  pure  race  of  black-rough  in¬ 
dividuals. 

In  our  domestic  animals  there  is  no 
real  fundamental  difference  in  the 
transmission  of  characters  from  that  of 
our  illustration,  except  that  we  deal 
with  very  many  characters,  most  of 
which  are  too  complex  and  subtle  for 
such  simple  elementary  analysis.  For 
those  who  desire  a  more  detailed  con¬ 
sideration  of  Mendelism,  such  books 
are  to  be  recommended  as  Professor 
James  Wilson’s  “Principles  of  Breed- 
ing”  (published  by  Vinton  &  Co.)  or 
that  excellent  little  book  by  Professor 
Castle  called  “Heredity”  (published  by 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.). 

Enough  has  been  given  in  our  illus¬ 
tration  of  the  working  of  Mendel’s  law 
to  show  what  we  must  expect  in  some 


August,  1915. 


THE  NATIONAL  WOOL  I  GROWER 


11 


of  our  sheep  breeding  problems.  Some 
breeders  are  trying  to  combine  such 
complex  characters  as  density  fineness 
and  weight  of  fleece,  hardiness,  the 
flocking  instinct,  and  the  like  from  the 
Merino  blood,  with  length  of  wool, 
mutton  conformation  and  the  like  from 
the  Lincoln,  Leicester,  Oxford,  Rom¬ 
ney  Marsh,  or  similar  blood.  This  is 
really  an  experiment  in  hybridization, 
very  much  like  the  rough-white  guinea- 
pig  crossed  to  the  smooth  black,  and 
the  analogy  is  instructive  to  say  the 
least.  The  breeder  sometimes  obtains 
a  very  desirable  type  by  crossing  these 
two  widely  different  varieties  of  sheep, 
particularly  if  he  uses  pure-bred  stock 
to  begin  with.  Then,  having  obtained 
a  desirable  cross,  he  wishes  to  hold  the 
type  secured.  Here  is  where  the  dis¬ 
appointments  are  bound  to  arise.  One 
hears  breeders  say  they  would  give 
much  if  they  could  hold  the  remark¬ 
able  blend  of  characters  which  they 
have  obtained  in  a  cross.  The  cross, 
however,  is  like  any  cross  in  which  the 
parents  differ  in  many  respects,  and 
the  progeny  are  bound  to  show  increas¬ 
ed  variability  because  so  many  charac¬ 
ters  combine  and  recombine  in  all  the 
various  possibilities.  In  other  words, 
when  a  breeder  crosses  a  Merino  type 
with  a  mutton  type,  to  secure  the  good 
characters  of  both,  he  must  expect  to 
get  much  variability  in  subsequent  gen¬ 
erations.  It  is  the  same  case  as  the 
white-rough  guinea-pig  crossed  to  the 
black-smooth  one,  only  our  sheep  cross 
is  more  complex  and  deals  with  a 
larger  number  of  characters.  The  de¬ 
sirable  blend  can  only  be  held  at 
the  expense  of  much  selection  and 
culling.  The  undesirable  types  should 
be  eliminated,  and  the  desirable 
combinations  continually  bred  to¬ 
gether.  Eventually  we  may  hope 
to  fix,  hold,  and  breed  pure  the 
combination  of  Merino  and  mutton 
qualities  which  we  seek  in  such  a  cross, 
but  it  takes  much  effort,  time,  and  se¬ 
lection.  Cross  breeding  induces  vari¬ 
ability  and  Mendel  showed  us  the  rea¬ 
son  for  this  by  showing  how  charac¬ 
ters  are  rearranged  in  the  offspring  in 
all  sorts  of  possible  combinations.  Any 
combination  obtained  is  not  necessari¬ 


ly  pure,  for  it  may  have  dominant 
characters  covering  up  the  hidden  or 
recessive  ones.  To  purifytjthe  type, 
inbreeding  and  selection  are  necessary, 
and  the  risk  of  rejecting  many  culls 
must  be  faced. 

Such  has  been  the  experience  of 


inos  with  some  mutton  type  such  as 
Lincoln  rams.  The  expected  happened, 
for  this  wide  cross  gave  much  varia¬ 
tion  in  early  years  and  required  much 
culling.  To  my  mind,  the  variation 
was  due  to  the  recombination  of  those 
many  characters,  in  which  the  original 


FROM  CASTLES  HEREDITY 


breeders  when  any  new  type  has  been 
founded  by  crossing.  The  writer  was 
much  interested  in  the  history  and 
method  of  building  up  Aire -Carried ale/ 
breed  of  sheep.  This  mew  breed  rep¬ 
resents  the  efforts  of  crossing  Mer¬ 


parent  stocks  differed.  The  culling 
represents  the  elimination  of  the  un¬ 
desirable  combinations.  The  desirable 
combination  has  been  purified,  at  the 
expense  of  rigid  selection.  If  any  at¬ 
tempt  is  to  be  made  in  our  country  to 


Fl^'s.  4.5  6.7-  Tyjoes 


op  Cj  ramd  cVi  <A  cl  fen. 


12 


THE  NATIONAL  WOOL  GROWER 


August,  1915. 


produce  a  type  which  shall  combine 
Merino  and  mutton  qualities,  we  must 
keep  our  minds  open  to  certain  proba¬ 
bilities.  The  crossbred  combination 
will  break  up  into  many  forms,  but 
only  the  best  should  be  used  for  breed¬ 
ing.  Gulls  or  undesirable  combinations 
are  bound  to  appear  and  must  be  re¬ 
jected  .  for.  breeding  purposes  even 
though  their  number  is  large. 


PANAMAS  FOR  RAM  SALE. 

Regarding  the  Panamas  that  we  are 
sending  to  the  Salt  Lake  ram  sale,  I 
would  say  that  the  Panamas  are  not 
like  the  man  who  tells  you  he  is  hon¬ 
est  ;  as  a  rule  after  you  have  dealings 
with  him,  you  begin  to  doubt  it.  A 
range  sheepman  that  ever  gets  to  see 
a  Panama  will  know  that  for  produc¬ 
ing  wool  and  mutton  under  range  con¬ 
ditions  you  cannot  beat  him.  There¬ 
fore,  I  will  not  try  to  further  describe 
the  Panamas,  but  will  depend  upon 
the  sheepmen  knowing  a  good  thing 
when  they  see  them  at  the  Salt  Lake 
ram  sale. 

TAMF^  T  um AW, 
Muldoon,  Idaho. 


TRADE  CONDITIONS 

IN  MONTANA 

“There  will  be  few  fat  sheep  to  come 
out  of  Montana  this  year,”  said  J.  V. 
Merrian,  who  has  been  in  that  quarter 
buying  wool.  “The  local  market  is  on 
a  minature  boom.  Everywhere  the 
buyers  are  as  thick  as  the  proverbial 
hair  on  a  dog.  Iowa  and  Wisconsin 
orders  for  feeding  lambs  are  much  in 
evidence,  and  thousands  have  been  con¬ 
tracted.  The  Reas  have  secured  thou¬ 
sands  at  6j4  cents  per  cwt..  and  the 
Wilsons  of  Burlington,  Wisconsin, 
have  acquired  20,000.  Iowa  buyers  are 
encountered  by  the  dozens,  and  they 
are  not  speculating  by  any  means,  their 
pockets  being  full  of  orders.  There  is 
a  big  trade  in  stock  sheep  and  ewes  at 
prices  that  look  prohibitive,  but  pre¬ 
sent  figures  on  wool  have  injected  con¬ 
fidence,  and  bankers  are  handing  out 
the  money  to  those  in  a  position  to 
handle  sheep  without  much  haggling. 


“The  ^advance  in  wool  means  that 
the  flockowner  has  good  credit  as  lie  is 
getting  the  full  benefit  of  the  upturn. 
The  Montana  clip  will  be  10  to  15  per 
cent  lighter  than  last  year  and  is  fully 
50  per  cent  less  than  a  few  seasons 
back  when  the  state  was  full  of  sheep 
before  liquidation  began. 

“To  what  extent  the  industry  will  be 
rehabilitated  under  new  conditions  can 
only  be| conjectured,  but  the  limit  is 
visible.  The  day  when  big  bands  of 
sheep  could  be  run  in  Montana  has 
passed  owing  to  the  manner  in  which 
the  range  has  been  cut  up.  There  is 
a  disposition  to  run  wethers  again, 
however,  creating  a  broad  demand  for 
yearlings  and  aged  stock.  For  year¬ 
ling  and  two-year-old  wethers  $3.25@ 
$3.50  per  head  are  the  rpling  prices 
and  values  are  going  up.  As  a  rule 
settlers  are  not  going  into  sheep  or 
any  other  kind  of  livestock,  in  fact 
most  of  them  are  doing  well  to  be  able 
to  stay  ori  the  ground  and  prove  up 
their  claims. 

“Demand  for  lambs  bred  in  the 
mountains  is  keen  and  even  the  fiat 
country  stuff,  which  _  weighs  40@50 
pounds  is  being  bought.  The  run  will 
be  late  as  grass  is  abundant,  and  few 
Montana  lambs  are  likely  to  go  east 
before  October.  Most  of  the  ewe 
lambs  will  be  held  back  and  any  kind 
of  an  old  ewe  is  eligible,  to  a  bid  as  pulp 
feeders  are  apprehensive  that  they  will 
not  be  able  to  fill  up  next  fall.  Every¬ 
thing  that  looks  like  a  breeding  ewe 
will  be  carried  over. 

“Fat  wethers  are  held  at  $5.75@  6.00, 
and  old  etjves  for  pulp  feeding  at  $3.00 
per  head!  Little  yearling  ewes  for 
breeding  purposes  are  on  a  $5.00@5.50 
basis  and  it  promises  to  be  a  $6.00  mar¬ 
ket  on  a  per  head  basis  for  breeding 
ewes  next  fall.  Demand  for  this  stock 
is  growing  keen,  and  there  will  not  be 
enough  toi  go  around.  ' 

“The  rise  in  wool  is  responsible  for 
an  opinion  that  wethers  can  be  run 
profitably  i  and  they  are  held  at  $4.00 
@4.50  per:  head.  The  entire  situation 
is  bulIshJ  Ju\st  how  cornbelt  opera¬ 
tors  are  gfing  vo  fill  their  feed  lots  in 
the  fall  is  I  problem.” 


BOYS  FEEDING  CONTEST  FOR 
THE  1915  INTERNATIONAL 
LIVE  STOCK  EXPOSITION. 


With  a  view  to  developing  a  school 
of  successful  feeders  of  cattle,  sheep 
and  swine,  from  the  ranks  of  the  youth¬ 
ful  members  of  our  farm  homes  and 
firesides,  whose  achievements  may  in 
time  surpass  the  best  traditions  of  their 
ancestors  as  meat  producers,  the  Union 
Stock  Yard  &  Transit  Company  will 
offer  the  following  prizes  on  animals 
fed  by  boys  sixteen  years  old  and 
under: 


Best  steer  or  heifer  under  30  months 

1st  prize . r..t . $50.00 

2nd  prize  . — .  40.00 

3rd  prize  .  30.00 

4th  prize  .  20.00 

5th  prize  .  10.00 

Best  pen  of  5  lambs  of  any  of  the 
mutton  breeds : 

1st  prize . $50.00 

2nd  prize  .  40.00 

3rd  prize  .  30.00 

4th  prize  . 20.00 

5th  prizv  . ....ttOZ I . .C.2  10.00 

Best  pen  of  5  barrows  under  12 
months. 

1st  prize  ..... . $50.00 

2nd  prize  .  40.00 

3rd  prize  .  30.00 

4th  prize  .  20.00 

5th  prize  .  10.00 


Conditions. 


All  entries  to  be  made  in  the  name 
and  by  the  feeder.  Exhibitors  will  be 
required  to  personally  care  for  their 
animals  without  the  aid  of  an  assist¬ 
ant. 

Feeding  term  from  August  1st  to 
opening  of  the  International. 

Notice  of  intention  to  enter  one  or 
more  of  these  feeding  contests  to  be 
mailed  to  B.  H.  Heide,  secretary  Union 
Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  feeding  period,  who  will  upon 
receipt  of  notification  mail  you  formal 
entry  blanks.  No  entrance  fees  will  be 
charged  in  above  classes. 


Please  look  at  the  advertisements  of 
sheep  and  rams  for  sale  in  this  issue. 


